Solveig Straume

• Herskedal, Kjell Marius & Straume, Solveig (2023). Idrettsklubbers beredskap i krisetid. I Dille, Therese; Kristiansen, Elsa & Boe, Ole (Red.), Eventer i en beredskapskontekst. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-05463-6. s. 69–86. doi: 10.18261/9788215054599-23-05. Vis sammendrag

  Dette kapitlet omhandler hvilken beredskap idrettsklubber har å støtte seg på når de må håndtere kriser som koronapandemien. To idrettsklubber som har opplevd medlemsøkning i løpet av pandemien er brukt som caser. Den ene er frivilligdrevet, den andre har flere ansatte. Med bakgrunn i Hall et al. (2003) sitt rammeverk om organisasjonskapasitet studerer vi beredskapen som ligger i idrettsklubbenes finansielle-, strukturelle- og menneskelige ressurskapasitet.

• Wilhelmsen, Terese & Straume, Solveig (2023). Idrettsbistand og frivillighet i et (ut)danningsperspektiv, Bevegelsesfellesskap i oppveksten : kritiske perspektiver på inkludering og mangfold. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245041415. s. 326–346. doi: 10.55669/oa230117.
• Straume, Solveig (2022). Sport for development and peace funding in a post-pandemic world. I McSweeney, Mitchell; Svensson, Per; Hayhurst, Lyndsay & Safai, Parissa (Red.), Social innovation, entrepreneurship, and sport for development and peace . Routledge. ISSN 9781032044446. s. 175–188. doi: 10.4324/9781003212744-19. Vis sammendrag

  This chapter explores the funding of the sport for development and peace (SDP) sector in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sector has been characterized by struggles for external funding and sustainability beyond external funding. This is strengthened during COVID-19, and more pressure is put on SDP organizations in terms of finding alternative ways of achieving the goal of promoting social change. Two research questions are addressed in the chapter: how did COVID-19 influence SDP organizations and SDP funding schemes? And which opportunities may arise from a situation like COVID-19 for SDP organizations in relation to funding? The chapter is based on an investigation of published literature of the implication of COVID-19 for SDP organizations, supplemented by two qualitative interviews with representatives from different SDP organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The latter provide insights not only to challenges but also to opportunities of SDP funding in the light of the pandemic. It is argued that the impact of COVID-19 has been detrimental for the SDP sector and has exposed how vulnerable the sector is in terms of funding security. However, the pandemic has also offered opportunities to think outside the box and has encouraged innovations both in practice and in terms of funding opportunities.

• Hogset, Heidi; Alteren, Johanne; Jæger, Bjørn & Straume, Solveig (2022). Det vanskelige bærekraftsbegrepet. I Hogset, Heidi; Alteren, Johanne; Jæger, Bjørn & Straume, Solveig (Red.), Bærekraft : Fjordantologien 2022. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-06293-8. s. 13–25. doi: 10.18261/9788215062938-2022-01. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schaillée, Hebe; Derom, Inge; Solenes, Oskar; Straume, Solveig; Burgess, Beth & Jones, Vanessa [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Gender inequality in sport : perceptions and experiences of generation Z. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. 26(9), s. 1011–1025. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2021.1932454. Vis sammendrag

  Research on Generation Z’s (Gen Z) sport education is limited in scope. This study explores Gen Z’s perceptions of gender equity in sport, with a focus on topic areas that warrant attention in sport management higher education courses to increase awareness around gender inequality. This study of Gen Z students across four European countries, including Belgium, Norway, Netherlands and England, was conducted through eight focus groups. The 54 participants, all born after 1995, were enrolled in an (under)graduate sport programme. Through a thematic analysis, we identified four distinct, yet inter-related themes, and explored their link to the interacting processes from Acker’s work (1990. Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139–158). Results indicate that intercultural differences exist. Participants demonstrate an awareness of gender inequality in the media and in school sport, while also illustrating how disparities are shaped in school and sport contexts. These findings are encouraging for developing further social transformation, as awareness is the first hurdle to overcome when working towards social change. Awareness around gender inequality could further be increased in higher education by focusing on knowledge gaps found in this study such as the underrepresentation of women in coaching positions or officiating roles, the lower status job roles congruent to traditional gender norms and the use of quota schemes. The results of this study are relevant for sport and physical education scholars to address and continue challenging traditional gender stereotypes and beliefs as well as foster career and leadership aspirations for the next generation of prospective employees. KEYWORDS: Gen Z, gender equality, sport, higher education

• Hansson, Lisa & Straume, Solveig (2021). Jentebevisst byplanlegging – aktivitet, inkludering og trygghet i byrommet. I Longvanes, Leif Jostein; Bjørhusdal, Eli; Fossøy, Joar; Sekkingstad, Dorthea & Årethun, Torbjørn (Red.), Stadutvikling : Fjordantologien 2021 . Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215053349. s. 46–65. doi: 10.18261/9788215053349-2021-03. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Formålet med dette kapittelet er å diskutere unge jenters forutsetninger for aktivitet og trygghet i byrommet. Studier av uorganisert fysisk aktivitet og aktivitetsparker i byrom indikerer at disse i størst grad anvendes av gutter. Jenter er en gruppe som ofte blir usynliggjort i forskningen om og planleggingen av urbane rom. Kapittelet diskuterer hvordan en kan planlegge likestilte offentlige byrom, som er attraktive både for jenter og gutter. Vi kaller dette jentebevisst byplanlegging. Nøkkelord: byplanlegging, uorganisert idrett, fysisk aktivitet, inkludering, ungdom

• Straume, Solveig (2019). SDP structures, policies and funding streams. I Collison, Holly; Darnell, Simon C.; Giulianotti, Richard & Howe, P. David (Red.), Routledge handbook of sport for development and peace. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-138-21048-6. s. 46–58. doi: 10.4324/9781315455174-5. Vis sammendrag

  This chapter offers an overview of structures, policies and funding streams within the Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) sector. It does so by illuminating two questions in particular: What characterizes the diversity of structure and funding within the global SDP sector? And, on whose terms are SDP policies developed? Eleven stakeholder groups are presented that, in different ways, contribute to the SDP sector, as policy developers, initiators of programmes and projects, funders or through in-kind support. These groups are: governments and government agencies; intergovernmental organizations; international non-governmental organizations; national non-governmental organizations; private sector stakeholders; sport clubs and teams; independent individuals; social movements and campaign groups; universities and schools; foundations; and SDP networks. The chapter argues that the SDP sector is complex and interdependent, and that funding, knowledge, ideas and policies flow between the various SDP stakeholder groups, despite the strong domination of Global North ideologies, agendas and input within SDP interventions.

• Straume, Solveig (2017). Reflections from a hybrid scholar. International Journal of the History of Sport. ISSN 0952-3367. 34(5/6), s. 447–450. doi: 10.1080/09523367.2017.1343818. Vis sammendrag

  In this paper, I reflect on my journey towards becoming a sport historian. I show how I find myself caught in the middle between sport history, sport management, and sport for development and peace (SDP), and how I essentially view myself as an SDP scholar. The paper further illustrate how I perceive the position of sport history in Norway, and argue that in order for sport history to grow or even continue as a subject in the Norwegian sport educations, we, the Norwegian sport historians, need to step up our game in terms of research and recruitment. Keywords: Norway, sport history, sport management, sport for development and peace, SDP

• Dolles, Harald; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Solenes, Oskar & Straume, Solveig (2016). The Janus-faced relationship value of professional sports clubs : a study of Molde Football Club, Norway. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 2000-088X. 7, s. 47–61. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Professional sport clubs can be analyzed according to the extent their offers affect the community and the individual. The “use value” takes into account the individual benefits of watching a sporting competition, whereas the “non-use” reflects the externalities of a sports club and its sports events towards people not particular interested in the sport in question. Both values are commonly investigated within the local context, however in an explorative study of the Norwegian football club Molde FK, a sample of 29 young people that had taken up residence in a different part of the country from where they grew up was analyzed in order to find out what “relationship” value a sports club from their home town still has in their lives. Despite the fact that the sample turned out to contain very few passionate football fans, it also revealed that Molde FK still is present in the lives of non-football fans. We conclude that the football club functions as a frequent reminder of the hometown for people that have migrated, and thus, the non-use value might extend beyond the individual’s (lack of) interest for football. Further, the football club and its activities serve at the same time as a foundation for conversations that might support migrators to extend and to build up social capital at their new location. Keywords: sports clubs, football, impact studies, use value, non-use value, existence value, option value, bequest value, sport events, fans

• Straume, Solveig & Massao, Prisca Bruno (2016). Participants’ views of the potential of international youth football tournaments for development in the Global South. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 19(10), s. 1635–1651. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2016.1159198. Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigates the potential of international youth football tournaments for youth development in the Global South. The tournaments under study were East Africa Cup in Tanzania, and Norway Cup in Norway. Through qualitative interviews with tournament participants, we addressed the following research question: What are the participant’s views of the potentials of Norway Cup and East Africa Cup in dealing with development issues facing youth in the Global South? Our findings demonstrate that all interviewees consider the tournaments potentially beneficial for youth development in the Global South. In the analysis, we identified four different categories, mostly representing positive outcomes of tournament participation. We argue that a functionalist neo-liberal notion of sport is visible in the data material. Thus, our findings correspond with Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) research showing how reproductions of the SDP functionalist discourse ‘continue to be leveraged through sport and sealed into the success story of SDP’.

• Hasselgård, Anders & Straume, Solveig (2015). Sport for development and peace policy discourse and local practice: Norwegian sport for development and peace to Zimbabwe. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. ISSN 1940-6940. 7(1), s. 87–103. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2014.890635. Vis sammendrag

  This article is an analysis of a Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) project. Specifically, it investigates how SDP discourses influenced by Western donors are translated and given meaning by the recipients in the social context where the intervention takes place. Through a single case study of Norwegian SDP cooperation in Zimbabwe, we demonstrate how practice at the informal local level does not always fit the project’s formal discourse found in policy documents and project plans, initially developed under strong influence by Norwegian donors. It is argued that when the attention is shifted from formal discourses of development to local practices on the recipient side, a more nuanced picture of development discourse appears. Recipient organizations or local project staff do not necessarily uncritically accept the formal SDP discourse imposed on them, but are able to translate, reformulate, resist or manipulate discourse through a process of transformation and contextualization.

• Straume, Solveig & Hasselgård, Anders (2014). ‘They need to get the feeling that these are their ideas’: trusteeship in Norwegian Sport for Development and Peace to Zimbabwe. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. ISSN 1940-6940. 6(1), s. 1–18. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2013.813866. Vis sammendrag

  This article analyses a Sport for Development and Peace organization’s production of discourse in the light of the concept of ‘development’. In particular, the idea of trusteeship and the power-effects that lie within this idea are addressed – meaning that someone has the knowledge, the skills and the funding to define themselves as developers on behalf of someone else. Through a single case study of the Norwegian Confederation of Sports’ development cooperation with the Zimbabwe Sport and Recreation Commission, we show how trusteeship was reproduced in the project’s formal discourse in policy documents and project plans.

• Straume, Solveig & Steen-Johnsen, Kari (2012). On the terms of the recipient? Norwegian sports development aid to Tanzania in the 1980s. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. 47(1), s. 95–112. doi: 10.1177/1012690210388454. Vis sammendrag

  This article discusses the donor–recipient1 relationship in a sports development aid context, and identifies potential dilemmas occurring when aiming to give aid on the recipient’s terms. Using the case of the Norwegian sports development aid project Sport for All, it is argued that the Norwegian Confederation of Sports was clearly in control of the project throughout its various phases, and thus a contradiction between the discourse of equality and the actual practice was evident. It is demonstrated in the article that donor–recipient relationships are power relationships that are complex and unclear to the involved parties, and shown that the Confederation’s role is shaped through a web of power relationships. The article questions the assumption that civil society organizations such as the Norwegian Confederation are more apt to provide aid on equal terms than government agencies.

• Straume, Solveig (2012). Norwegian Naivety Meets Tanzanian Reality: The Case of the Norwegian Sports Development Aid Programme, Sport for All, in Dar es Salaam in the 1980s. International Journal of the History of Sport. ISSN 0952-3367. 29(11), s. 1577–1599. doi: 10.1080/09523367.2012.702107. Vis sammendrag

  In the early 1980s, the Norwegian Confederation of Sports (NIF) initiated a sports development aid programme known as the Sport for All in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. One of the objectives of the Sport for All was to strengthen women's participation in sports in Dar es Salaam, an objective much in line with Norwegian domestic sport politics, as well as general aid policies at the time. Through the case of the Sport for All, this paper illuminates what conceptions the Norwegian initiative takers had of Tanzanian women and sport, and how a women emphasis fit the Tanzanian society at the time. The discrepancy between the ideals of recipient orientation and women emphasis is questioned, and it is argued that, in the case of the Sport for All, the NIF acted with a certain naivety. It is suggested that Western liberal ideas that works well in the societies of their origin may generate a cultural clash when meeting in a different milieu.

• Hasselgård, Anders & Straume, Solveig (2011). Utvikling til idrett eller idrett til utvikling : NIF som idrettsbistandsaktør. I Hanstad, Dag Vidar; Breivik, Gunnar; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Skaset, Hans B. (Red.), Norsk Idrett - Indre spenning og ytre press. Akilles forlag. ISSN 978-82-7286-228-1. s. 371–387.
• Straume, Solveig (2010). "Sport is in lack of everything here!" : Norwegian Sport for All to Tanzania in the early 1980s. Stadion: Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte des Sports. ISSN 0172-4029. 36, s. 177–198.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Hogset, Heidi; Alteren, Johanne; Jæger, Bjørn & Straume, Solveig (2022). Bærekraft : Fjordantologien 2022. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 978-82-15-06293-8. 321 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Straume, Solveig; Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth & Skrove, Guri Kaurstad (2023). Hvordan hindre at økonomi blir en barriere for inkludering av barn og unge i norske idrettsklubber? .
• Straume, Solveig (2023). New book highlights gendered labour in sport and fitness philanthropy. Idrottsforum.org - Nordic Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 1652-7224.
• Straume, Solveig (2022). Interesting interdisciplinary investigations, imparting important insights. Idrottsforum.org - Nordic Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 1652-7224.
• Straume, Solveig (2022). Då Straume skreiv idrettshistorie. I Skjeldal, Gudmund & Grønkjær, Allan B. (Red.), Fred og krig : festskrift til Matti Goksøyr. Norges idrettshøgskole. ISSN 9788250206076. s. 40–51.
• Herskedal, Kjell Marius & Straume, Solveig (2022). CLUB DEVELOPMENT IN TIMES OF CRISIS.
• Straume, Solveig & Wilhelmsen, Terese (2022). “IT WAS THE BEST OF TIMES, IT WAS THE WORST OF TIMES” – NORWEGIAN SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE VOLUNTEERS TO THE GLOBAL SOUTH.
• Straume, Solveig (2020). Avhandling som løfter frem noen viktige spørsmål om idrettens rolle i samfunnet. Idrottsforum.org - Nordic Sport Studies Forum. ISSN 1652-7224.
• Straume, Solveig (2020). The History and Politics of Sport-for-Development: Activists, Ideologues and Reformers by Simon Darnell, Russell Field, and Bruce Kidd . Journal of Sport History. ISSN 0094-1700. 47(2), s. 167–168. doi: 10.1353/sph.2020.0032.
• Straume, Solveig (2019). Den usosiale dugnaden : er det slik at dugnad kan vere med å ekskludere barn og unge frå idretten? . Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160. s. 34–35.
• Amara, Mohammad & Straume, Solveig (2018). Idretten kan binde folk sammen : Sports Management og Voksenopplæringa samarbeider. [Avis]. Romsdals budstikke.
• Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Skrove, Guri Kaurstad & Straume, Solveig (2018). Negotiating logics : Norwegian football clubs’ involvement in refugees inclusion into Norwegian football.
• Straume, Solveig; Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth & Skrove, Guri Kaurstad (2018). Inclusion of refugees in Norwegian football clubs .
• Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth; Røvik, Kristin & Straume, Solveig (2018). Stang ut for økonomisk inkludering i idretten? Romsdals Budstikke.. ISSN 0806-5160. s. 38–39.
• Straume, Solveig (2018). The donor-recipient relationship in sport for development and peace. Structures, policies and funding streams. Vis sammendrag

  In recent years, SDP policy scholars have highlighted the strong dominance of Global North ideologies, agendas and input within many Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) interventions. This criticism relates to the development of donor-led policies, top-down programming and control over the flow of SDP funding, enabling and sustaining an un-equal relationship. Simultaneously, the SDP sector has experienced a remarkable growth, and consequently its stakeholders are multiple and complex, ranging from governments and government agencies to local NGOs and independent individuals. Through a study of the interface between policy and practice in an SDP project in Zimbabwe, this presentation reflects on the donor-recipient relationship in SDP. The study showed that different worldviews were negotiated within the project, as official discourses and policy-driven ideas were translated and given meaning by recipient organization or local project staff in the social contexts where it was implemented. With the exponential growth of various SDP stakeholders in mind, it is argued that future research should continue to strive for more understanding of the way policies influence SDP relationships. This is particularly important in driving the sector towards policies that are increasingly based on development cooperation and equal partnership.

• Straume, Solveig (2017). Opportunities and Challenges in Sport for Development and Peace Management.
• Straume, Solveig (2017). Sport for Development and Peace in the Urban Global South – A Study of 36 SDP Organizations.
• Straume, Solveig (2017). Sport for Development and Peace in the Urban Global South – A Study of 36 SDP Organizations. Vis sammendrag

  In recent years there has been a growing interest in international development concerning Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). This interest stems from the anticipated ability of SDP to positively influence the lives of individuals and groups in different societies. A key feature of the field is thus the belief that in simple, low-cost and effective ways sport has the ability to influence a broad range of development objectives. Following this, several researchers have analysed SDP issues from a variety of theoretical and methodological angles. Many of these analyses specific SDP projects, and some of which are located in urban settings (typically deprived areas). However, little research has been conducted thus far that addresses a multiplicity of such SDP initiatives in one research project. The purpose of this paper is to offer empirical insights in an endeavour to address this shortcoming. This paper reports the first phase of a longitudinal study that investigates SDP initiatives for youth in urban areas in the Global South. The paper examines this through qualitative analysis of data and information gathered through personal e-mails and interviews with 36 SDP organizations, most of which were located in large cities in East- and Sub-Saharan Africa. The data include baseline project data as well as success factors, sustainability, lessons learned and opportunities to scale up the project. The findings demonstrate that most of the projects are driven by sports organizations with little or no development expertise. However, they address development issues such as urban health and unemployment in an attempt to further skills and knowledge necessary for youth to increasingly control their own lives and function as responsible members of their communities. Further, although sports activities have the benefit of being cost-effective and requiring a minimum of equipment, the quality of the projects may be at stake because of poor physical infrastructure and lack of safe-spaces in the urban Global South.

• Straume, Solveig (2015). A new social movement? – a historiography of the sport for development and peace sector. Vis sammendrag

  The Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) sector has in recent years grown to become an international movement (Kidd 2008) both in terms of practical international development interventions as well as a research field. However, although the SDP sector is expending rapidly, there is still a research gap regarding its history which consequently 'creates the impression that [sport] development interventions are a relatively recent phenomenon and misses long established characteristics of the process that help to explain its current challenges, in particular, the management of relations between the donors and recipients' (Beacom 2007). Through a review of related literature this paper addresses this research gap. It is argued that in a narrow sense, SDP interventions may be traced commencing in the interwar period, with a special emphasis on the sports aid given in the Cold War period. However, a broader definition of SDP reveals a long history of development initiatives involving sport rooted in the colonial experience (particularly the British Empire) and in international relations. As Beacom (2007) points out, such a broad definition shows that SDP has played a significant role in establishing international sports competitions, particularly with reference to the Olympic Movement. In the paper the history of SDP is divided in different phases. First, the utilisation of sports in the colonial scene in the 1800s and 1900s; second, SDP as a means to establish international sports competition in the early 1900s onwards; third, SDP as political strategies during the Cold War; forth (and overlapping the former) SDP as part of the social development agenda from the 1980s onwards; and finally SDP as a more or less established actor on the international development agenda in the 2000s. Consequently, the paper contributes to illuminate parts of the complex history of SDP, which in turn may add knowledge to future research concerning contemporary SDP interventions.

• Straume, Solveig & Massao, Prisca B (2015). Participants’ views of the potential of international youth football tournaments for development in the global south.
• Straume, Solveig & Hasselgård, Anders (2014). Sport-for-Development: Norwegian policy discourse and local practice in Zimbabwe.
• Straume, Solveig (2009). Sports development aid: the case of Norway and Tanzania.
• Straume, Solveig (2009). The terms of the recipient?: Norwegian involvement in sports aid to Tanzania in the 1980s.
• Straume, Solveig (2007). On the Premises of the Recipient? The discourse and practice of Norwegian sports aid to Tanzania from the early 1980s.
• Straume, Solveig (2007). Norwegian Sport as Development Aid.
• Straume, Solveig; Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth; Skrove, Guri Kaurstad; Nerbøvik, Sunniva & Røvik, Kristin (2019). Forebygging av økonomisk eksklusjon i norsk fotball. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 978-82-7962-254-3. Vis sammendrag

  I 2016 fikk NFF økonomisk støtte fra UEFA (HatTrick Investment Programme) til et prosjekt som omhandlet inkludering. Første steg var en studie som ser på norske fotballklubbers arbeid med inkludering av henholdsvis flyktninger og barn og unge i lavinntektsfamilier. Denne rapporten omhandler sistnevnte gruppe. Et overordnet mål har vært å se på hvordan norske fotballklubber samarbeider med ulike aktører for å oppnå visjonen om «fotball for alle» i sine lokalmiljø. Spesifikt har en gjennom studiet forsøkt å kartlegge forholdet mellom klubbene, fotballkretsene, idrettskretsene, kommunen og andre offentlige aktører som skoler, flyktningetjeneste og andre i fire utvalgte kretser i Norge. Muligheter og utfordringer i samarbeidet mellom de ulike aktørene har blitt gitt særlig fokus. Undersøkelsen viser at norske fotballklubber ser ut til å forstå, akseptere og er enige i visjonen om «fotball for alle». Resultatene reflekterer at de som er engasjert i klubbene anerkjenner samfunnets forventninger til frivillige organisasjoner og idrettslag som inkluderingsarenaer, og dermed at de gjennom sine verv eller stillinger i fotballen også innehar et samfunnsansvar for inkludering av barn og unge i lavinntektsfamilier. Hovedbarrieren for inkludering av barn og unge i lavinntektsfamilier i norske fotballklubber er naturlig nok økonomi. Klubbene er bevisste på dette, og derfor er det vanligste tiltaket klubbene har overfor denne gruppen, å gi økonomisk støtte i form av reduserte medlems- og treningsavgifter eller til deltagelse på turneringer og turer organisert av klubben. Klubbene oppgir at en hovedutfordring er å identifisere og komme i kontakt med barn og unge i lavinntektsfamilier. Klubbene mistenker at mange barn og unge i lavinntektsfamilier ikke begynner med fotball på grunn av kostnadsnivået, og at det også er en medvirkende årsak til at de slutter med fotball. Noen av barrierene kan løses gjennom økonomiske tilskuddsordninger og støtte til klubbene. De viktigste tiltakene og løsningene krever imidlertid god samhandling mellom klubbene og sentrale aktører. Klubbene har likevel manglende kjennskap til støtteordninger som tilfaller denne målgruppen. Resultatene peker ut kommunens flyktningetjeneste og skolene som de viktigste samarbeidspartene til klubbene, selv om også flere av de andre aktørene er svært viktige. Dette illustrerer at klubbenes arbeid med inkludering av bar og unge fra lavinntektsfamilier går hånd i hånd med inkludering av flyktninger. Idretts- og fotballkrets og fylkeskommune er også viktige tilretteleggere for samhandling om inkludering mellom klubber og andre aktører. Et overordnet og viktig funn er at gode planer og strategier bidrar til å gjøre samarbeidet mer effektivt og målrettet. Undersøkelsen viser derfor behovet for en systemorientert tilnærming til inkluderingsarbeidet. I klubber som har utviklet og implementert et system, blir inkluderingen mindre personavhengig. Et klubbdrevet systematisk inkluderingsarbeid er sterkere, mer holdbart og mindre tilfeldig enn om det er trenerdrevet og personavhengig.

• Straume, Solveig; Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth; Skrove, Guri Kaurstad; Nerbøvik, Sunniva & Røvik, Kristin (2018). Prevention of economic exclusion in Norwegian football . Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 978-82-7962-249-9. Vis sammendrag

  In 2016, the NFF received funding from the UEFA HatTrick Investment Programme for a project within the area of social inclusion. The first part of the project was to conduct a study looking at two related topics within this area: the inclusion of refugees in football clubs as well as prevention of economic exclusion in football clubs. This report concerns the latter topic. An overall objective of the study has been to investigate the way Norwegian football clubs are cooperating with various stakeholders to achieve the goal of “Football for all” in their respective local communities. Specifically, the focus of the study is the cooperation between stakeholders such as regional football federations (RFFs), football clubs (FCs), municipalities, public agencies, schools and others, and assess which challenges and possibilities present themselves in the relationship between the abovementioned actors. Data were gathered through semi structured in-depth interviews (N=41) with various stakeholders including representatives from soccer clubs, refugee reception centres and/or public refugee services, regional soccer federations, regional sport confederations, municipality representatives, schools, NFF and voluntary organisations. Based on the findings from the interviews, an online survey was distributed to Norwegian soccer clubs (N=279), requesting data regarding the clubs formal systems, funding of inclusion projects, experiences in working with cooperating partners as well as best practices. One general finding from both the qualitative and quantitative data is the importance of club systems and structures. It is evident that those clubs whom adopt a broad systematic approach to inclusion often achieve more success in including refugees in their FC. A club-driven (system) perspective on inclusion, rather than a coach-driven (individual) perspective, enables inclusion initiatives to be sustainable. The main barrier for inclusion of children in low-income families in Norwegian football clubs is economy. Clubs realise that, and consequently the most recurring thing that clubs in the study do to support children in low-income families, is to reduce the fees for participation or to provide financial support for going to tournaments and trips organised by the club. Clubs also struggle to identify children in low-income families, and are unsure how to reach the target group. The clubs in the study are saying they suspect that children may drop out of football because of economic reasons, but that they do not know if that is the reason. Another challenge for many clubs is a lack of knowledge of funding opportunities for support aimed at children from low-income families. The two most frequent collaborators for the clubs in working with inclusion of children in low-income families, are schools and refugee services in the municipalities. In regard to the latter, it is evident that the FC’s work for inclusion of children in low-income families goes hand in hand with refugee inclusion. It is a general request from the stakeholders that the FCs have clear strategies, in order to make the partnership(s) as efficient as possible, and inclusion through football as apt as possible for the target groups. Again, it is evident that a systematic approach to inclusion in the clubs is a highly recommended strategy.

• Straume, Solveig; Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth; Skrove, Guri Kaurstad; Nærbøvik, Sunniva & Røvik, Kristin (2018). Inkludering av flyktninger i norske fotballklubber. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 978-82-7962-247-5. Vis sammendrag

  Norsk fotball er basert på visjonen «Fotball for alle». Norges Fotballforbund (NFF) skal virkeliggjøre denne visjonen gjennom sitt inkluderingsarbeid og legge forholdene til rette for at alle som vil, skal få delta i fotballen. NFF og UEFA skal i samarbeid utvikle mer kunnskap om fotball for flyktninger i Norge (beboere på flyktningmottak og nybosatte). Målet er å bedre kunne bistå kretser og klubber som ønsker å jobbe med flyktninger og integrering. I 2016 fikk NFF økonomisk støtte fra UEFA (HatTrick Investment Programme) til et fireårsprosjekt. Første steg var en studie som ser nærmere på samarbeidet mellom krets/klubb og det offentlige (som kommuner og skoler), men også andre aktører som flyktningmottak og frivillige organisasjoner. Denne rapporten omhandler inkludering av flyktninger i fotballklubben. Undersøkelsen viser at norske fotballklubber ser ut til å forstå, akseptere og er enige i visjonen om «Fotball for alle». Resultatene reflekterer at de som er engasjert i klubbene anerkjenner samfunnets forventninger til frivillige organisasjoner og idrettslag som inkluderingsarenaer, og dermed at de gjennom sine verv eller stillinger i fotballen også innehar et samfunnsansvar for inkludering av flyktninger. Selv om mange av de samme barrierene for inkludering går igjen, er det ingen enkle eller standardiserte løsninger på disse. Hver region og hver klubb er ulik både med hensyn til størrelse, ressurser og til en viss grad også utfordringer. Det er likevel et suksesskriterium å ha et klubbdrevet system for inkludering. I klubber som har utviklet og implementert et system, blir inkluderingen mindre personavhengig. Et klubbdrevet systematisk inkluderingsarbeid er sterkere, mer holdbart og mindre tilfeldig enn om det er trenerdrevet og personavhengig. Utfordringer knyttet til inkludering kan oppsummeres som barrierer innen kommunikasjon- og språk, kultur, manglende fotballerfaring, kjønn, økonomi, transport og praktiske og strukturelle barrierer. Noen av disse kan løses gjennom økonomiske tilskuddsordninger og støtte til klubbene. De viktigste tiltakene og løsningene krever imidlertid god samhandling mellom klubbene og sentrale aktører. Resultatene peker ut kommunens flyktningetjeneste og skolene som de viktigste samarbeidspartene til klubbene, selv om også flere av de andre aktørene er svært viktige. Idretts- og fotballkrets og fylkeskommune er viktige tilretteleggere for samhandling om inkludering mellom klubber og andre aktører. Et overordnet og viktig funn er at gode planer og strategier bidrar til å gjøre samarbeidet mer effektivt og målrettet. Undersøkelsen viser derfor behovet for en systemorientert tilnærming til inkluderingsarbeidet.

• Straume, Solveig; Bachmann, Kari Elisabeth; Skrove, Guri Kaurstad; Nærbøvik, Sunniva & Røvik, Kristin (2018). Inclusion of refugees in Norwegian football clubs. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 978-82-7962-238-3.
• Solenes, Oskar; Dolles, Harald; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir; Kåfjord, Sondre; Rekdal, Eddie & Straume, Solveig [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Toppfotballens betydning for vertsregionen : en studie av Molde Fotballklubbs betydning for Molderegionen. Høgskolen i Molde - Vitenskapelig høgskole i logistikk. ISSN 978-82-7962-181-2. Vis sammendrag

  Molde Fotballklubbs korrigerte driftsresultat har i femårsperioden 2008-2012 vært på 67 millioner. Av klubbens inntekter kommer halvparten fra Molderegionen og halvparten fra kilder utenfor regionen. - Et korrigert regionregnskap viser at MFK har bidratt til en netto kapitaltilførsel til Molderegionen på 165 millioner kroner i perioden. - MFKs virksomhet har i perioden direkte bidratt med skatteinntekter på 23 millioner kroner til Molde kommune, 5 millioner kroner til fylkeskommunen og 105 millioner til sentrale myndigheter. - Direkte og indirekte skaper MFK mellom 110-120 arbeidsplasser i Molderegionen. - MFK er svært dominerende når det gjelder å profilere Molde i riks- og regionmediene. Opp til 75 prosent av all «namedropping» av Moldenavnet i disse mediene er knyttet til MFK. På grunn av MFK får Molde en medieomtale som langt overgår det byer med tilsvarende befolkningstall oppnår. Av samme grunn får Molde også mer omtale enn større byer som Haugesund og Ålesund. Dette kan ses på som en merverdi av de 81 millioner kroner lokale sponsorkroner brukte på MFK i perioden 2008-12. - De frivillige i MFK utførte i 2012 en arbeidsinnsats målt til mer enn 59 000 arbeidstimer til en verdi av 14,1 millioner kroner. - Både utflyttede romsdalinger og MFKs tilhengere trekker fram MFK som en av Moldes viktigste merkevarer. Også romsdalinger som ikke er spesielt interessert i fotball og MFK opplever stolthet når MFK gjør det godt, og MFKs prestasjoner og sponsorer blir lagt godt merke til også blant romsdalinger som ikke har fotball som sin primære interesse. - Blant klubbens tilhengere er det tilsynelatende høy betalingsvilje for å berge klubben.

• Straume, Solveig (2013). 'Sport for all' in new settings : A study of the Norwegian Confederation of Sports' Sport for All project in Tanzania in the 1980s and Zimbabwe in the 1990[s]. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. ISSN 9788250204942. Vis sammendrag

  This study is an examination of the Norwegian Confederation of Sports’ (NIF) Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) engagement in Tanzania and Zimbabwe from its inception in the early 1980s until 2000. The main research question is: How can the Norwegian Confederation of Sports’ involvement in SDP from the early 1980s to 2000 be understood? Through two different cases, Tanzania and Zimbabwe respectively, I show how NIF has argued for its SDP engagement, through analysing the formal discourses of the projects.

• Massao, Prisca Bruno & Straume, Solveig (2012). Urban youth and sport for development. United Nations Human Settlement Programme.
• Bartlett, Sam & Straume, Solveig (2008). Sports-for-development monitoring and evaluation consultancy : final report. The Inter-American Development Bank.

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